unicode-transforms-0.4.0.1: Unicode normalization

Copyright | (c) 2016 Harendra Kumar
License | BSD-3-Clause
Maintainer | harendra.kumar@gmail.com
Stability | experimental
Portability | GHC
Safe Haskell | None
Language | Haskell2010

Data.Text.Normalize

Contents

- Normalization Modes
- Normalization API

Description

Unicode normalization for `Text` data type.

Synopsis

- data NormalizationMode
  - = NFD
  - | NFKD
  - | NFC
  - | NFKC
- normalize :: NormalizationMode -> Text -> Text

# Normalization Modes

data NormalizationMode #

Normalization transforms Unicode text into an equivalent composed or decomposed form, allowing for easier sorting and searching of text. Standard normalization forms are described in https://unicode.org/reports/tr15/, Unicode Standard Annex #15: Unicode Normalization Forms.

Characters with accents or other adornments can be encoded in several different ways in Unicode. For example, take the character A-acute. In Unicode, this can be encoded as a single character (the "composed" form):

         00C1    LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE

or as two separate characters (the "decomposed" form):

         0041    LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A
         0301    COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT

To a user of your program, however, both of these sequences should be treated as the same "user-level" character "A with acute accent". When you are searching or comparing text, you must ensure that these two sequences are treated equivalently. In addition, you must handle characters with more than one accent. Sometimes the order of a character's combining accents is significant, while in other cases accent sequences in different orders are really equivalent.

Similarly, the string "ffi" can be encoded as three separate letters:

         0066    LATIN SMALL LETTER F
         0066    LATIN SMALL LETTER F
         0069    LATIN SMALL LETTER I

or as the single character

         FB03    LATIN SMALL LIGATURE FFI

The "ffi" ligature is not a distinct semantic character, and strictly speaking it shouldn't be in Unicode at all, but it was included for compatibility with existing character sets that already provided it. The Unicode standard identifies such characters by giving them "compatibility" decompositions into the corresponding semantic characters. When sorting and searching, you will often want to use these mappings.

Normalization helps solve these problems by transforming text into the canonical composed and decomposed forms as shown in the first example above. In addition, you can have it perform compatibility decompositions so that you can treat compatibility characters the same as their equivalents. Finally, normalization rearranges accents into the proper canonical order, so that you do not have to worry about accent rearrangement on your own.

The W3C generally recommends to exchange texts in `NFC`. Note also that most legacy character encodings use only precomposed forms and often do not encode any combining marks by themselves. For conversion to such character encodings the Unicode text needs to be normalized to `NFC`. For more usage examples, see the Unicode Standard Annex.

Constructors

NFD | Canonical decomposition.
NFKD | Compatibility decomposition.
NFC | Canonical decomposition followed by canonical composition.
NFKC | Compatibility decomposition followed by canonical composition.

#### Instances

Instances details

Enum NormalizationMode # |

Instance details

Defined in Data.Unicode.Types

Methods

succ :: NormalizationMode -> NormalizationMode #

pred :: NormalizationMode -> NormalizationMode #

toEnum :: Int -> NormalizationMode #

fromEnum :: NormalizationMode -> Int #

enumFrom :: NormalizationMode -> [NormalizationMode] #

enumFromThen :: NormalizationMode -> NormalizationMode -> [NormalizationMode] #

enumFromTo :: NormalizationMode -> NormalizationMode -> [NormalizationMode] #

enumFromThenTo :: NormalizationMode -> NormalizationMode -> NormalizationMode -> [NormalizationMode] #

Show NormalizationMode # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Unicode.Types Methods showsPrec :: Int -> NormalizationMode -> ShowS # show :: NormalizationMode -> String # showList :: [NormalizationMode] -> ShowS #
Eq NormalizationMode # |
Instance details Defined in Data.Unicode.Types Methods (==) :: NormalizationMode -> NormalizationMode -> Bool # (/=) :: NormalizationMode -> NormalizationMode -> Bool #

# Normalization API

normalize :: NormalizationMode -> Text -> Text #

Perform Unicode normalization on `Text` according to the specified normalization mode.